ABSTRACT Background: The development of cognitive independence in the students of the Medicine career can contribute to the formation of a more independent professional capable of facing situations in their context of action, in close relation with the profile of the professional. Objective: To diagnose the insufficiencies in the development of the cognitive independence in students from the Medicine career at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences was carried out, taking as a population the professors who teach the Pathological Anatomy subject and 38 students in the 2nd year of the Medicine course from 2015 to 2016 academic year. Methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical level were used with mathematical procedures, to measure the variable performance of students and teachers the scale of Always, Sometimes and Never for students was used and of Nothing, Little, In some measure, Much and Too much for the teachers. Results: It was observed that 24 students were in the low level and they presented difficulty in the orientation, search of the procedure and critical assessment in the solution of the integrating teaching task. Twelve students were in the middle level and presented some difficulties in the solution of the task and other 12 in the high level who solved the teaching task with total independence. Conclusions: There are insufficiencies in the students, related to the orientation, selection of procedures and issue of personal criteria for the solution of the integrating teaching task, and in the teachers with the application of methods to stimulate the cognitive independence of the students.

RESUMEN Fundamento: El desarrollo de la independencia cognoscitiva en los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina puede contribuir a la formación de un profesional más independiente y capaz de enfrentar situaciones en su contexto de actuación, en estrecha relación con el perfil del profesional. Objetivo: Diagnosticar las insuficiencias en el desarrollo de la independencia cognoscitiva de los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus, se tomó como población a los profesores que imparten la asignatura Anatomía Patológica y a 38 estudiantes de 2.do año de la carrera de Medicina del curso 2015-2016. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico con procedimientos matemáticos, para medir la variable actuación de estudiantes y profesores se utilizó la escala de Siempre, Algunas Veces y Nunca para estudiantes y de nada, poco, En Alguna Medida, Bastante y Mucho para los profesores. Resultados: Se observó en el nivel bajo a 24 estudiantes que presentaron dificultad en la orientación, búsqueda del procedimiento y valoración crítica en la solución de la tarea docente integradora, 12 estudiantes en el nivel medio los cuales presentaron algunas dificultades en la solución de la tarea y 12 en el nivel alto los que resolvieron la tarea docente con total independencia. Conclusiones: En los estudiantes existen insuficiencias relacionadas con la orientación, selección de los procedimientos y emisión de criterios personales para la solución de la tarea docente integradora, y en los profesores con la aplicación de métodos para estimular la independencia cognoscitiva de los estudiantes.

ABSTRACT Background: In the 21st century, medical education requires a student capable of understanding the relations among the different subjects in order to solve a certain problem and integrate everything taught in isolation in all of them. Objective: To describe general procedures in the Pathological Anatomy, Microbiology and Genetics subjects to elaborate integrative tasks that contribute to the development of the cognitive independence in Medicine students. Development: The characteristics of the integrating teaching tasks and the procedures for their elaboration from the determination of the interdisciplinary nodes among the Pathological Anatomy, Microbiology and Genetics subjects are exposed. Conclusions: The procedures presented for the elaboration of the integrating teaching tasks, methodologically guide the teacher´s activity to develop the cognitive independence in Medicine students.

RESUMEN Fundamento: La educación médica en el siglo XXI exige de un estudiante capaz de captar las conexiones entre las diferentes asignaturas para dar solución a determinada problemática y puedan integrar aquello que se les enseñó aisladamente en las asignaturas. Objetivo: Describir procedimientos generales de las asignaturas de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Genética para elaborar tareas integradoras que contribuyan al desarrollo de la independencia cognoscitiva de los estudiantes de la carrera Medicina. Desarrollo: Se exponen las características de las tareas docentes integradoras y los procedimientos para su elaboración a partir de la determinación de los nodos interdisciplinarios entre las asignaturas de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Genética. Conclusiones: Los procedimientos que se presentan para la elaboración de las tareas docentes integradoras, orientan metodológicamente la actividad del profesor para desarrollar la independencia cognoscitiva de los estudiantes de la carrera Medicina.

ABSTRACT Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Chile is being affected by silver disease whose causative agent is Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar. This fungus causes a decrease in the yield of the fruit and the death of the plant. So far, this disease has not been reported in the literature attacking blueberry plants in Chile. The main objective of this research was to characterize genetically the populations of Ch. purpureum at molecular level using the ITS-RFLP markers. The results of the ITS-RFLP indicate a low level of diversity in the Chilean populations of Ch. purpureum. When analyzing the isolates collected in blueberry, two large groups were configured in the dendrogram. The first one grouped 49 isolates with the same molecular profile and in the second cluster there was a greater diversity among the isolates. On the other hand, when we analyzed Ch. purpureum isolates collected in other hosts, 12 isolates constituted a group with identical molecular profile with the 49 isolates collected from blueberry. Analysis of variance of the molecular data showed that there were no statistical differences between Ch. purpureum collected in different areas or in different hosts.

RESUMEN El arándano en Chile está siendo afectado por la enfermedad del “plateado” cuyo agente causal es Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar. Este hongo produce una disminución en el rendimiento de la fruta y la muerte de la planta. Hasta ahora, esta enfermedad no se ha reportado en la literatura atacando plantas de arándano en Chile. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue caracterizar genéticamente las poblaciones de Ch. purpureum a nivel molecular utilizando los marcadores ITS-RFLP. Los resultados de los ITS-RFLP indican un bajo nivel de diversidad en las poblaciones Chilenas de Ch. purpureum. Al analizar los aislados recolectados en arándano se configuraron en el dendrograma dos grandes grupos. El primero de ellos agrupó 49 aislamientos con el mismo perfil molecular y en el segundo cluster hubo una mayor diversidad entre los aislados. Por otro lado, cuando se analizaron aislados de Ch. purpureum recolectados en otros huéspedes, 12 aislados constituyeron un grupo con idéntico perfil molecular con los 49 aislados recolectados de arándano. El análisis de varianza de los datos moleculares mostró que no había diferencias estadísticas entre Ch. purpureum recolectado en zonas diferentes o en diferentes huéspedes.

It takes approximately 14 yr to produce a new rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety, that is, from initial hybridization to its commercial release. Currently, new varieties are identified based on morphological descriptors, which have been efficient over time. However, due to the main constraints on seed type impose to other breeding objectives and the pressure of continuous release of varieties, high degree of parentage, and genetic and morphological uniformity has been observed in the breeding populations. The objectives of this study were: to determine the genetic variability of Chilean and foreign commercial rice varieties, and determine, identify, and certify the genetic relationships among varieties, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 16 commercial varieties, some of them closely related, were included in the study, which were genétically analyzed using 54 microsatellites. The 54 microsatellite loci allowed the discrimination among the 16 varieties. The number of alleles ranged between 2 and 8 with a mean of 3.54 alleles per locus, while the polymorphism information content (PIC) presented a mean of 0.44. The genetic distance and diversity parameters between pairs of varieties indicate a limited diversity among these genotypes. The cluster analysis indicated that varieties were grouped according to their grain type and pedigree. Results demonstrate that the identification and certification of varieties using microsatellite markers could be a good complement to existing agro-morphological data when varieties are closed related.

Objective: Analyze managed care by midwives in pregnancy in the seventeenth Century and transmitted through the manual written by the same midwives. Methods: Qualitative methodology from hermeneutics and cultural history through ethnographic techniques and the reading of five manuals (1609-1710) and categorizing the texts with the dialectical model construction-deconstruction. Results: Our results were the identification of care impregnated popular beliefs and how they evolved toward science through diagnosis, hygiene and dietary advice, antenatal checks and attention to pathologies. Conclusions: We conclude that midwives of seventeenth-Century cohered through to the structural element of the manuals around values of respect for women's physiology and will be seed for a humanized midwifery and give them identity as a professional group.

Objetivo principal: Analizar los cuidados administrados por matronas a mujeres en su embarazo en el siglo XVII transmitidos a través de los manuales escritos por las mismas parteras. Metodología: Metodología cualitativa, desde la hermenéutica y la historia cultural a través de técnicas etnográfico-narrativas mediante la lectura de cinco manuales (1609-1710), categorizando los textos siguiendo el modelo dialéctico de construcción-deconstrucción. Resultados principales: Obtuvimos como resultados la identificación de cuidados impregnados en creencias populares y el modo en que estos evolucionaron hacia la ciencia a través del diagnóstico, consejos higiénico-dietéticos, controles antenatales y atención a patologías. Conclusión principal: Concluimos que las matronas del siglo XVII se cohesionaron gracias al elemento estructural de los manuales en torno a valores de respeto a la fisiología de las mujeres y serán germen de una partería humanizada que les otorga identidad como colectivo profesional.

É relatado um caso atípico de recorrência de distrofia corneana granular após transplante lamelar anterior profundo. São descritas as características clínicas, a análise histopatológica do espécime do enxerto lamelar e os resultados de análises de DNA. O exame com lâmpada de fenda e a análise histopatológica do espécime do enxerto demonstram o confinamento dos depósitos típicos da distrofia corneana granular profundamente, na área de interface do enxerto. Esta localização é atípica, uma vez que, na maioria dos casos de recidivas em enxertos, estes tendem a ser no início localizados superficialmente, nas camadas epiteliais ou subepitelial da córnea. A análise genética molecular revelou uma mutação já descrita e uma nova variante intrónica. A localização incomum e o tempo de aparecimento da presente recorrência da distrofia corneana granular após transplante lamelar anterior profundo sugere que ceratócitos do estroma corneano possam desempenhar algum papel na formação dos depósitos granulares.

We report an atypical case of granular corneal dystrophy recurrence after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. We describe clinical features, histopathological analysis of the lamellar graft specimen and DNA analysis results. The slit-lamp examination and histopathological findings from the graft specimen indicated the confinement of the typical deposits of granular corneal dystrophy deep in the graft interface area. This localization is atypical, since in most cases recurrences in grafts tend to be initially superficial and situated in the epithelial or subepithelial corneal layers. Molecular genetic analysis revealed an already described mutation and a new intronic variant. The unusual localization and timing of this recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty suggests that corneal stromal keratocytes may play a role in the formation of granular deposits.